The following paragraph was taken from UpToDate on 2013/01/23:
Temporal lobe epilepsy
Complex partial seizures are the most common manifestation of mesial TLE. About one-third of patients have secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures in addition to complex partial seizures or as their primary seizure type. Only a few patients with mesial TLE develop status epilepticus. Distinctive characteristics of mesial TLE seizures include the following:
1. An “aura” (a simple partial seizure with sensory symptoms) occurs in most patients, often with features that are relatively specific for TLE, including a rising epigastric sensation (often likened to a "roller coaster" sensation), and psychic or experiential phenomena, such as deja vu, jamais vu, or fear. Auras of taste and smell are less common but are also relatively specific for TLE. Auras can occur in isolation as a simple partial seizure or can precede a complex partial seizure. In either case, patients with mesial TLE usually recall the seizure aura.
2. Complex partial seizures usually manifest with a behavioral arrest and staring and last between 30 and 120 seconds. The patients are generally unaware and unresponsive during this period. Occasionally, such patients present with amnestic attacks, but more detailed questioning or observation of the seizures reveal the presence of olfactory hallucinations, other seizure auras, or ictal automatisms.
3. Automatisms are common, occurring in about 60 percent of complex partial seizures of mesial TLE. These are repetitive, stereotyped, purposeless movements. In TLE, they are typically mild, involving the hands (picking, fidgeting, fumbling) and mouth (chewing, lip smacking).
4. Lateralizing features can occur during as well as after a partial complex or secondary generalized seizure. Unilateral automatisms are usually ipsilateral to the seizure focus, while dystonic posturing almost invariably occurs on the contralateral side. Head deviation at seizure onset is usually ipsilateral to the seizure; when it occurs later, it is contralateral. This later head turning also has a more forceful, involuntary appearance and is so-characterized as "versive" (a seizure characterized by sustained, forced conjugate ocular and cephalic and/or truncal deviation). Contralateral clonic activity is relatively unusual. Lateralizing findings in the setting of mesial temporal sclerosis should be interpreted with some caution, as many of these patients have bilateral, independent seizure foci.
5. Less commonly observed behaviors associated with a temporal lobe seizure include ictal speech and vocalizations, affective behaviors (laughing, crying or fear), hypermotor behaviors usually associated with frontal lobe seizures, and so-called "leaving behavior" (walking or running away).
6. Postictal confusion usually lasts minutes, but may be complicated by psychosis. Postictal hemiparesis can occur contralateral to the seizure focus, and postictal aphasia can occur with a seizure emanating from the dominant hemisphere. Nose-wiping, performed by the hand ipsilateral to the focus of seizure onset, is a common postictal event in mesial TLE. Postictal wandering is not specific to TLE, but is seen more often with temporal compared to extratemporal seizures.
Frontal lobe epilepsy
Common characteristics of frontal lobe seizures are short duration (<30 seconds) and predilection for occurrence during sleep. The latter is particularly true for frontal lobe complex partial seizures and supplementary motor seizures. Differentiating nocturnal seizures from parasomnias can be challenging; one study suggests that it is not uncommon for the two to co-exist.
Seizure clusters and status epilepticus (whether partial, complex partial, or generalized) are also more common in frontal lobe epilepsy than with TLE. A postictal state may be brief or absent. Secondary generalization of frontal lobe seizures was at one time thought to be more common than in mesial TLE, but systematic comparisons suggests that this has a similar incidence in both.
Frontal lobe seizure types include:
1. Complex partial seizures are often characterized by hypermotor behaviors (proximal limbs, tonic). These can produce bizarre-looking episodes that may be mistaken for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.
2. Other features that suggest complex partial seizures of frontal rather than temporal lobe origin include bicycling automatisms as well as pelvic thrusting and other sexual automatisms. Tonic posturing and head and eye deviation (version), usually contralateral to the side of the seizure focus, can occur in some patients. Vocalizations are also very common.
3. While seizure auras are common in frontal lobe epilepsy, they are less ubiquitous than in mesial TLE, and the sensation is often ill-described and typically does not include epigastric phenomenon. Fear and anxiety occur as seizure auras in both TLE and frontal lobe epilepsy.
4. Consciousness may be more preserved in frontal lobe complex partial seizures compared with TLE. Patients often report recall of ictal events even though they are not able to respond, but the accuracy of this reporting is not certain.
5. Focal motor seizures involving the primary motor cortex will produce hemiclonic activity in the contralateral face, arm, or leg. Seizures may be quite focal (isolated to one limb or face) or may spread (or march) to adjacent areas (ie, Jacksonian seizure). Hemiclonic activity is more common in complex partial seizures of frontal origin than with those in TLE.
6. Supplementary motor area seizures typically produce stereotyped asymmetric tonic movements. One example is the "fencing posture," in which the head and eye deviate to the contralateral side, with extension of the contralateral arm and flexion of the ipsilateral arm. The most prominent tonic activity occurs contralateral to the seizure focus. Brief superimposed clonic movements or vocalizations may also occur. Speech arrest may accompany seizures arising from the dominant hemisphere. There may be a somatosensory aura. Despite bilateral tonic movements, consciousness is often preserved unless there is secondary generalization.
7. So-called frontal absence seizures manifest with staring, trance-like states. These seizures originate from the frontopolar or medial frontal regions. These seizures are more prolonged than other seizure types, often lasting several minutes, sometimes hours, or even days.
8. Secondary generalization may occur after any of the above initial ictal manifestations. A minority of patients have secondary generalized seizures that occur without preceding complex partial or motor symptoms.
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